Dogs can distinguish between different languages, study suggests

Researchers found distinct activity patterns in dogs’ brains when they compared responses to speech and non-speech, reports Tom Batchelor

Dog brains can detect speech, and show different activity patterns to a familiar and an unfamiliar language, a new brain imaging study has found (Eniko Kubinyi)

Dogs can detect speech and distinguish between different languages, a new brain imaging study suggests.

Researchers in Hungary found the animals show different brain activity patterns depending on whether they hear a familiar or unfamiliar language.

The study’s authors said it was the first demonstration that a non-human brain can differentiate two languages.

Eighteen dogs were trained to lay motionless in a brain scanner, where they were played speech excerpts of The Little Prince in both Spanish and Hungarian.

All of the participating dogs had only heard one of the two languages from their owners prior to the trial.

The animals were also played scrambled versions of the excerpts, to examine whether they were able detect the difference between speech and non-speech at all.

Researchers found distinct activity patterns in the dogs’ brains when they compared responses to speech and non-speech.

Specifically, researchers found distinct activity patterns in dogs’ primary auditory cortex.

This distinction was there independently from whether the stimuli originated from the familiar or the unfamiliar language.

There was, however, no evidence that dog brains had a preference for speech over non-speech.

In addition to speech detection, dog brains could also distinguish between Spanish and Hungarian.

These language-specific activity patterns were found in the secondary auditory cortex. Researchers were surprised to find that the older the dog was, the better their brain distinguished between the familiar and the unfamiliar language.

Laura Cuaya, one of the authors of the study, included her own dog, Kun-kun, in the study.

She said: "Some years ago I moved from Mexico to Hungary to join the Neuroethology of Communication Lab at the Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University for my postdoctoral research.

“My dog, Kun-kun, came with me. Before, I had only talked to him in Spanish. So I was wondering whether Kun-kun noticed that people in Budapest spoke a different language, Hungarian.

“We know that people, even preverbal human infants, notice the difference. But maybe dogs do not bother. After all, we never draw our dogs' attention to how a specific language sounds. We designed a brain imaging study to find this out.”

“Kun-kun and 17 other dogs were trained to lay motionless in a brain scanner, where we played them speech excerpts of The Little Prince in Spanish and Hungarian. All dogs had heard only one of the two languages from their owners, so this way we could compare a highly familiar language to a completely unfamiliar one.

“We also played dogs scrambled versions of these excerpts, which sound completely unnatural, to test whether they detect the difference between speech and non-speech at all.”

Raúl Hernández-Pérez, co-author of the study, added: "Dog brains, like human brains, can distinguish between speech and non-speech.

“But the mechanism underlying this speech detection ability may be different from speech sensitivity in humans: whereas human brains are specially tuned to speech, dog brains may simply detect the naturalness of the sound.

“Each language is characterised by a variety of auditory regularities. Our findings suggest that during their lives with humans, dogs pick up on the auditory regularities of the language they are exposed to.”

Attila Andics, senior author of the study, added: “This study showed for the first time that a non-human brain can distinguish between two languages.

“It is exciting, because it reveals that the capacity to learn about the regularities of a language is not uniquely human.

“Still, we do not know whether this capacity is dogs’ specialty, or general among non-human species.

“Indeed, it is possible that the brain changes from the tens of thousand years that dogs have been living with humans have made them better language listeners, but this is not necessarily the case. Future studies will have to find this out.”

Ms Cuaya added: “If you wonder how Kun-kun is doing after moving to Budapest: he lives just as happily as he lived in Mexico City – he saw snow for the first time and he loves swimming in the Danube. We hope that he and his friends will continue to help us uncover the evolution of speech perception.”

The study, conducted by researchers from the Department of Ethology at Eötvös Loránd University, is published in NeuroImage.