AP Explains: Guatemala prepares to vote after tumultuous campaign

This has been one of the most turbulent election seasons in Guatemala’s modern history

This has been one of the most turbulent election seasons in Guatemala’s modern history.

Some of the most popular aspirants will be on the sidelines in Sunday's voting because electoral authorities and courts blocked some from running and cancelled the candidacies of others who were initially allowed to enter the race.

There is no re-election in Guatemala, so President Alejandro Giammattei is not among the 22 permitted presidential candidates. Guatemalans will also elect all members of congress and hundreds of mayors across the country.

HOW ARE GUATEMALA'S ELECTIONS CONDUCTED?

Guatemalans age 18 and older can vote in elections held every four years, and some 9.2 million are registered — more than half of them women. Voting is not compulsory.

At polling places, voters will receive five ballots covering the various races in their districts.

In the presidential contest, the ballot will feature the faces of the presidential and vice presidential candidates on the 22 registered tickets. At least 50% of the votes are required to win outright. Otherwise, a second round pitting the top two finishers would be held Aug. 20.

Political parties must end their campaigns Friday, two days before the vote, and no opinion polls can be published after that.

HOW DID THE COURTS AFFECT THE PRESIDENTIAL RACE?

The Supreme Electoral Tribunal enforces Guatemala’s electoral laws, but regular courts also have jurisdiction when parties ask them to get involved.

Earlier this year, the Supreme Electoral Tribunal ruled that Thelma Cabrera, an Indigenous farmworker leader, could not be a presidential candidate because of a paperwork issue with her running mate. In early May, the Constitutional Court — Guatemala’s highest — rejected her leftist party’s final appeal.

Last month, Roberto Arzú, a conservative law-and-order candidate, lost his final appeal to get back into the race. The electoral tribunal annulled his candidacy for allegedly starting his campaign prematurely.

Then Guatemala’s highest court denied the appeal of Carlos Pineda, a conservative populist who had been leading in the polls. A rival went to court challenging the way Pineda's party nominated him.

The exclusions have been criticized by the U.S. government, the Organization of American States and others. Many analysts predict a high percentage of null votes will be cast in protest.

WHO ARE THE REMAINING PRESIDENTIAL CHOICES?

The presidential candidacies break down roughly into two ideological positions: 19 on the right and three on the left.

Recent polls indicate the top three contenders are former first lady Sandra Torres; Zury Ríos Sosa, daughter of the late dictator Efraín Ríos Montt; and diplomat Edmond Mulet.

All three are on the more conservative side of the spectrum and have campaigned promising to install tough security measures like President Nayib Bukele in neighboring El Salvador and promoting conservative family values.

Torres, making her third try to win the presidency, promises bags of basic food items for those in need and cuts in taxes on basic foods. She was first lady during the 2008-2012 presidency of social democrat Álvaro Colom, until they divorced in 2011.

Ríos Sosa is campaigning to establish the death penalty, prohibit government posts for those convicted of corruption, protect private property rights and improve the health system. She was allowed to compete despite a constitutional provision banning candidacies by those who seize power undemocratically — or their relatives.

Mulet says he would give Guatemalans free medicine and support senior citizens and single mothers. He was one of the few politicians who denounced the criminalization of journalists in the country, for which prosecutors accused him of obstruction of justice.

All three candidates signed a pledge promoted to maintain Guatemala’s strict anti-abortion laws, promote conservative values and advocate against recognition of LGBTQ communities.

On the left, the candidates of the Semilla movement, the VOS party and a coalition made up of URNG-Maiz and the Winaq Political Movement have not done well in the polls. They have campaigned on promises to attack corruption, protect the rights of vulnerable groups and strengthen democracy.

WHY THE IMBALANCE IN POLITICAL LEANINGS?

No leftist party has governed Guatemala in almost 70 years, since two leftist administrations from 1945 to 1954. The second of those was led by President Jacobo Arbenz, who was overthrown in a CIA-backed coup.

A series of right-wing military governments and a 36-year civil war that ended in 1996 followed. Since the country's return to democracy in 1986, the conservative tendency has only been briefly interrupted twice, with centrist social democratic administrations in 1986 and 2008.

“The electorate is highly ideological. At the same time it's a nonpartisan electorate,” said Vaclav Masek, a Guatemalan sociologist at the University of Southern California.

Political parties are short lived in Guatemala — since the return to democracy, no party has ever held the presidency twice.

“The parties in Guatemala normally get to their first election, compete and die,” Masek said. “They don't have enough power to go on.”