Sombre period music, flickering candlelight and booming cannons ushered in America's observance of the 150th anniversary of the Civil War.
The war began on 12 April 1861, with a Confederate bombardment of Union-held Fort Sumter in Charleston harbour. The conflict ended with the surrender of Confederate forces in Virginia on 9 April 1865.
"We're don't see this as a celebration but rather as a sombre time," said Tim Stone, superintendent of the Fort Sumter National Monument.
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