‘Super Earth’ planet orbiting nearby star discovered by astronomers

Discovery marks end of long search for exoplanets around Barnard's star

Artist’s impression of the surface of the newly discovered distant planet (ESO/M. Kornmesser)

Six light years away, a “super-Earth” planet has been found orbiting beyond our solar system - a discovery astronomers hope will help them with their research on more distant parts of the universe.

Super-Earths are planets with masses larger than the Earth itself, although not as large as giant planets like Uranus, which is more than 14 times larger the our planet.

It was discovered orbiting Barnard's star, one of the nearest neighbouring stars to our own solar system.

Smaller and older than our sun, Barnard's star belongs to a category of relatively small celestial objects known as red dwarfs.

Astronomers have identified these as the best places to search for exoplanets, or planets outside our solar system.

"Barnard's star is an infamous object among astronomers and exoplanet scientists, as it was one of the first stars where planets were initially claimed but later proven to be incorrect,” said Dr Guillem Anglada Escude from Queen Mary University of London. “Hopefully we got it right this time."

Artist’s impression of Barnard’s Star planet under the orange tinted light from the star. (IEEC/Science-Wave - Guillem Ramisa)

Reporting their findings in the journal Nature, the scientists said that after careful analysis of nearly two decades’ worth of data they are 99 per cent confident the exoplanet they have identified is there.

It is located beyond the habitable zone for its star, at a distance beyond the so-called “snow line” at which liquid water and any possible chance of life cannot exist.

Planets beyond our solar system are extremely faint compared to the stars they orbit, meaning they are difficult to identify even using the largest telescopes currently available.

As a result, most of what astronomers know about they mysterious worlds comes from indirect measurements of variations in light beamed down to Earth from the exoplanets’ host stars.

One technique that uses such measurements is known as radial velocity, which can be used to assess wobbles the planet’s gravity creates in the star’s orbit. These wobbles affect the light coming from the star, which can then be detected by astronomers.

"This technique has been used to find hundreds of planets," said Dr Paul Butler, a team member from the Carnegie Institution for Science who helped pioneer the method.

"We now have decades of archival data at our disposal. The precision of new measurements continues to improve, opening the doors to new parameters of space, such as super-Earth planets in cool orbits like Barnard's star b."

The scientists want to collect more data to confirm the planet’s presence, and say it could provide an excellent target to test using the latest in space observation technology such as Nasa’s planned Wide Field Infra Red Survey Telescope.

If using such technologies they can observe the planet directly, it will open up their understanding of the kinds of planets that are forming around other stars in distant space.