Burned jaguars and reptiles consumed by flames: Fires rage in Brazil’s wetlands

A snake, petrified in the fire, had bitten its own flesh, likely an involuntary reaction to escape pain of being burned alive

In Brazil’s Pantanal, the world’s largest wetland, weeks of raging fires driven by climate crisis, have decimated wildlife populations.  

The remote region, close to the county’s western border with Bolivia and Paraguay, has been burning since mid-July. The charred aftermath stretches across an area bigger than New York City.

A team of veterinarians, biologists and local guides arrived in late August to prowl the bumpy dirt road known as the Trans-Pantanal Highway in pickup trucks, looking to save what injured animals they could, Reuters reported.

Jaguars were wandering the blackened wasteland, they said, starving or going thirsty, with paws burnt to the bone, lungs blackened by smoke. 

They saw bodies of alligator-like caiman, jaws frozen in silent screams, the last act of creatures desperate to cool off before being consumed by flames.

The number of fires in the Pantanal more than doubled in the first half of 2020 compared to the same period last year, according to government data. 

Officials said it was the largest number of fires in a six-month period in the last two decades.

There were 2,534 recorded fires in the Pantanal between January and June, the Brazilian National Institute for Space Research (INPE) said. Between January and June 2019, the institute recorded 981 fires. The 2020 numbers represent a 158 per cent increase on the 2019 numbers.

Climate scientists fear these fires are becoming the new normal, echoing the rise in climate-driven blazes that are roaring across the American West and in other countries from Australia to Greece.

The Pantanal is smaller and less-known than its famous cousin, the Amazon jungle. But the region’s normally abundant waters and strategic location - sandwiched between the rainforest, Brazil’s vast grasslands and Paraguay’s dry forests - make it a magnet for animals.

The fires are now threatening one of the most biodiverse ecosystems on the planet, biologists say. 

The Pantanal is home to roughly 1,200 vertebrate animal species, including 36 that are threatened with extinction. Across this usually lush landscape of 150,000 square kilometres (57,915 square miles) in Brazil, rare birds flutter and the world’s densest population of jaguars roam.

Fire is not new here. For decades, ranchers have used flames to cheaply return nutrients to the soil and renew pasture for their beef cattle. But those blazes, fueled by drought, now burn with historic force, racing across desiccated vegetation. 

The biggest fires in the Pantanal this year are quadruple the size of the largest fire in Brazil’s Amazon rainforest, NASA satellites show.

A record 23,490 square kilometres have burned through 6 September - nearly 16 per cent of the Brazilian Pantanal, according to a Federal University of Rio de Janeiro analysis.

This year, the floods never came. Only a little bit of water pooled in a ditch nearby, he said. Now as water evaporates in the dry season, the Paraguay River that traverses the Pantanal has receded to its lowest point since 1973, according to Julia Arieira, a climate researcher at Brazil’s Federal University of Espirito Santo.

Scientists blame the drought on warming in the Atlantic Ocean just above the equator that’s drawing moisture away from South America and will send it north, likely in the form of stronger hurricanes.

NASA scientist Doug Morton said this phenomenon is caused by shifts in ocean temperature known as the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation - the Atlantic Ocean’s equivalent of El Niño in the Pacific. Unlike El Niño, which typically happens every 2-7 years, the oscillation alternates between hot and cold roughly every 30-40 years.

When it runs hot, as it has been since the 1990s, the warming in the tropical North Atlantic is more likely to occur, contributing to South American droughts and fires.

Changing ocean temperatures are “a likely driver of the dry conditions we’ve seen so far this year in the Pantanal,” according to Morton, who leads NASA’s biospheric sciences lab.

Morton said the warm spot could also be contributing to more dryness in the southern part of the Amazon, where fires likely hit a 10-year high in August; and in Argentina’s wetlands where the blazes are the worst since 2009.

More worrying still, Morton is concerned global warming could disrupt the Oscillation and leave it permanently in the warm phase, contributing to more fires.

Even if that does not happen, scientists fear global temperature increases on their own would make vast burning ever more common.

Destruction of the Amazon rainforest to the north is exacerbating drought in the Pantanal over the long-term, said Philip Fearnside, an ecologist at Brazil’s National Institute of Amazonian Research. That’s because jungle trees recycle rain and push the moisture back into the air as water vapor, which winds then carry to neighboring regions in so-called flying rivers.

Amazon deforestation has surged 34.5 per cent in the 12 months through July, compared to the same period a year ago, according to preliminary data from government space research agency Inpe.

The sharp increase in fires comes amid domestic and international concern over Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro's calls to clear land in order to drive economic development, and follows a surge in fires, many set to make land available for farming and other industry, in the Amazon last year.

Environment Minister Ricardo Salles visited the Pantanal in August, saying that federal environmental agencies had sent five aircraft and additional workers to assist the more than 100 state firefighters battling the blazes.

“The fires are causing great damage to fauna, flora and to the Pantanal region,” Mr Salles said, according to Reuters.

Mato Grosso state firefighting Lieutenant Colonel Jean Oliveira, who has been leading all government agencies in the fire response, said that no people have died in the fires.

The victims, he said, are wildlife.

While there aren’t exact counts, at a minimum thousands of animals have perished, according to biologist Rogério Rossi at the Federal University of Mato Grosso.

The roving veterinary team is able to save only a tiny fraction of the injured animals. Many of these creatures are difficult to catch, far from accessible roads.

Veterinarian Jorge Salomão Jr. rattled off an inventory of the carnage.

“We’ve seen a lot of dead animals, mainly reptiles, serpents, caimans,” he said. “We’ve seen a lot of dead deer, dead tapirs, dead monkeys, dead coati,” a cousin of North American raccoons.

In the burned expanse of 520 square miles (1,347 sq km) near the town of Poconé, dead snakes are seen every few metres.

Local guide Eduarda Fernandes, who is working with the rescue team, wandered the area, feet sinking into the deep soot.

She picked up a snake petrified in the fire. It had bitten its own flesh, in what a biologist said was likely an involuntary reaction as it sought any escape from the pain of being burned alive.

Asked what she thought happened, Ms Fernandes responded, “Pain. Despair.”