Why do airlines overbook flights and what happens if you are offloaded?

Selling more tickets than there are seats available works for everyone – as long as airlines handle it correctly

Selling more tickets than there are seats available on an aircraft strikes some people as an appalling business practice – bordering on fraud.

After all, theatres and sports venues don’t sell the same seat twice. So how can airlines justify trying to boost their profits at the travelling public’s expense?

In one celebrated case, Taylor Swift fan Megan Ridout was denied boarding a British Airways flight from London Heathrow to Lyon for the city’s gig in the Eras tour. BA turned her away from the plane and she made the concert only after an exhausting trek via Marseille.

At the start of September 2024, British Airways denied boarding to 13 passengers from Palma de Mallorca to London Gatwick.

Later that month, BA chose to offload two frail passengers in their 80s from a Heathrow-Marseille flight, without offering them the compensation they were due.

Other airlines have also offloaded passengers against their will. In 2023, easyJet split up a family group travelling from Liverpool to Faro, allowing only seven of the 10 to travel as booked.

Yet when handled correctly, overbooking makes good sense. Selling additional seats allows airlines to earn more revenue and operate flights with fewer empty seats. It can also benefit passengers who are able to book tickets on apparently full flights.

These are the key questions and answers.

If there are 200 seats on a plane, why would an airline sell more than 200 tickets?

Airlines know from experience that on most flights, a proportion of passengers won’t turn up – typically 5 per cent. The traveller’s family or work circumstances may have changed; they may have fallen ill; or they may simply have arrived at the airport too late, due to traffic jams or incompetence.

Accordingly, many airlines place a bet that they can sell more tickets than there are seats. Mostly, the airlines get away with it. You and I have probably been on plenty of oversold flights without realising it, because the number of “no shows” has been predicted correctly.

Britain’s biggest budget airline, easyJet, says: “On any given day large numbers of passengers don’t show up for their flight. Filling our planes and minimising the number of empty seats we fly is one of the ways we can reduce the price you pay for your flight.”

Airlines stand to make a small fortune by selling the same seats twice: on busy flights, often the last passengers to book are desperate to travel and will pay very high fares.

There are other benefits, for passengers and the planet.

• People who need to travel at the last minute can book flights even when they’re already theoretically full.
• Flights depart with fewer empty seats, which is better for the planet and the airline.

What should happen if too many people turn up for a particular flight?

When there are more passengers than seats, the law and good sense align. In the UK, the European Union and North America, the airline is required to seek volunteers to travel on a later flight (or possibly a departure to a nearby location, eg Cologne rather than Dusseldorf or New York Newark instead of JFK).

The request for volunteers may be made at bag drop, at the gate or even on the plane while passengers are boarding.

The carrier should offer inducements until enough volunteers are found. These can include:

• Cash (often supplied in the form of a pre-loaded card that you can spend or cash in)
• Voucher for future travel, sometimes to anywhere the airline flies
• Upgrade on a later flight and/or access to the airline lounge

If the later flight is the following day, the airline must provide a hotel (together with transport to reach it) and meals as appropriate for the time spent waiting.

How can the airline be sure that it will get enough volunteers?

By throwing money at the problem. Everyone has their price. People who need to travel urgently place a high value an immediate departure; other passengers may not, and can be bribed to postpone their flight with promises of cash or future tickets.

Some travellers (including me) specifically choose flights which appear to have a high chance of being oversold – particularly in the US on Friday and Sunday afternoons and evenings. I have flexible plans that allow me to avail of any offer than might be made.

On that British Airways “Taylor Swift Express” from Heathrow to Lyon, the offloaded passenger, Megan Ridout, was desperate to reach the city to see the gig. But it is a fair bet that most of the passengers did not have a ticket for Ms Swift and were open to a suitable inducement. They could include:

• An individual traveller returning home to France who welcomes an extra day in London (the second flight was 10 hours later) on payment of, say, £300 (€350).
• Someone heading for the town of Montelimar on the Rhone, equidistant from Lyon and Marseille, and happy to switch to a flight to the latter.
• Or a UK retired passenger who lived nearby and could rearrange the trip, for example negotiating a later inbound flight, and gone home for a few hours.

In my experience in the US overbooking is handled very well, with airlines raising their bid until they have enough volunteers. The trouble is that in Europe there is no exact definition of what an airline must do to entice volunteers. The evidence I’ve seen is that they don’t try hard enough - and instead pick “victims”.

I’ve been selected for overbooking against my will. But I must travel. What can I do?

Insist that the airline seeks volunteers. If this fails, assert your right to be flown as soon as possible to your destination.

If an airline denies you boarding a London-Los Angeles flight it should not be necessary to wait until the carrier’s next flight.

The rules state you are entitled to “re-routing as soon as possible”. Re-routing is a clumsy term; the meaning is that you are entailed to be flown, usually on the same route, as close to the original flight as possible. If another airline has an earlier flight, you can ask to be transferred to that.

Or be creative: for example if you are booked from the UK to a provincial French or German city, note that Paris CDG, Lyon, Frankfurt and Berlin have high-speed rail stations built into the airport. So it may be that a London-Lyon journey could be made by air to Paris and train from there. Of course the airline that offloads you must meet all travel costs.

For flights on UK and EU airlines, and for all departures from British and European airports, you are also due between £220 and £520 depending on the length of the flight. This should be in cash, unless you agree to a voucher (which should be significantly more than the cash amount).

But my airline insisted there wasn’t time to ask for volunteers?

This is nonsense and they should look at the good practice in the US. Passengers are often tapped up well before departure, so the carrier has a list of people prepared to leave the plane if the price is right.

As mentioned, colunteers can be sought once on board. I was sitting on a plane about to leave from Seattle to Cincinnati, when, 10 minutes before departure, an appeal went out for someone to travel later in return for $300 (£235). I dinged the call bell and left the aircraft.

At busy times – typically Friday and Sunday afternoons and evenings – the bidding can start significantly higher. Occasionally the airline can find it has too many passengers desperate to leave the aircraft in return for a multiple of the fare they paid.

Isn’t there a better way to handle this, though?

Some airlines, notably Vueling, may offer passengers inducements in advance to travel on an alternative flight. This isn’t quite the same as overbooking – it simply allows the carrier to shift low-paying passengers on to less-popular flights and sell their places for much higher fares.

How can I avoid being denied boarding?

Book with one of the relatively few carriers that do not overbook flights, notably Ryanair and Jet2. Even then, though, there may be a rare case where some passengers have to be left behind.

In the case of Ryanair it might involve a short-notice change of aircraft from a Boeing 737 Max to an older plane, the 737-800, which has eight fewer seats.

As with any “real” case of overbooking, the airline should seek volunteers.

Is anyone safe from overbooking?

There are no guarantees. A plane ticket is nothing more than a vague expression of the airline’s hope to get you from A to B. The carrier can pick any passenger it likes to offload.

But UK and European regulations state: “Operating air carriers shall give priority to carrying persons with reduced mobility and any persons or certified service dogs accompanying them, as well as unaccompanied children.”

In the case of British Airways offloading passengers from Palma to Gatwick, one traveller who was denied boarding asserted that business-class customers and elite members of the BA Executive Club appeared to be prioritised.

Passengers who have checked in baggage may be safer, because the process of retrieving luggage can add faff and delay. Some people also believe that booking a specific seat in advance (which usually requires payment) can reduce the risk of being denied boarding.

On easyJet it appears that the odds of being offloaded are much lower if you have already been assigned a specific seat through the online check-in process. This can be done up to a month ahead and it is not necessary to pay if you don’t mind which seat you have.

Does it help to book well ahead for the flight?

No: Megan Ridout, the Lyon Swiftie, booked her seat 11 months ahead. Indeed, a cynical person would say that it made her more of a target for offloading. She paid a bargain £91 return for a flight that British Airways could have sold for hundreds of pounds.

Are there other areas of travel where overbooking happens?

Some hotels will oversell routinely. Usually the manager will have in reserve some spare rooms in another hotel – where excess guests can be packed off in a taxi with a bit of cash or a free dinner for the inconvenience. This is known as “walking” the guest.

On other occasions, such as the Oasis overbooking affair in Manchester, it may be down to a technical error.

What about on road and rail?

Intercity trains are ripe for some overbooking – particularly on “open access” operators such as Lumo. While the London-Edinburgh rail firm is very good at selling out its trains, I have never been on one that does not have a handful of empty seats, which represent unrealised revenue.

The same applies on long-distance coach operators.

Korean Railways has a terrific sort-of overbooking policy on its intercity trains. When all the seats sell out, a certain number of standing tickets are sold at roughly half-fare. If seats are unclaimed, standees can take those places.

Any other solutions?

Yes. Bring back standby flights, where budget passengers hang around at the airport in the hope of grabbing a seat at a big discount. They were popular on domestic and transatlantic services in the late 20th century.

Wizz Air has a subscription scheme aimed at topping up empty seats on its flights.