Males produce invisible essence that gets females ready for reproduction, but also makes them age faster

Pheromones trigger the earlier onset of puberty but make mature females' bodies age more quickly

Mice do it, roundworms do it and male humans might do it too

Male animals emit an invisible chemical ‘essence’ that gets females ready to reproduce, but also makes them prematurely old, according to new research.

The effect has been found in mice and now roundworms, prompting the researchers to say it may be a universal feature of the animal world, including humans.

Males do not actually need to be present when this happens, the lingering smell left by tiny amounts of two male pheromones is enough.

Dr Ilya Ruvinsky, of Northwestern University in the US, said: “The male signals trigger the female to ‘go for it’ – to put more effort into reproduction – but then the body suffers.

“There is a fine balance between reproduction and body maintenance, and this balance can be tipped by the male.

“One [pheromone] signal causes an earlier onset of puberty in juvenile females. The other slows down ageing of the reproductive system in mature females, keeping them fertile longer. However, it also speeds up ageing of the body.”

While their work was in a tiny transparent round worm often used by scientists, C. elegans, they made potentially controversial claims that the effect was widespread in the animal world.

“Our results regarding puberty onset echo previous findings in mice,” Dr Ruvinsky said.

“In mammals, males also produce signals that manipulate the timing of sexual maturation of females.

“This raises an intriguing possibility that a basic mechanism controlling the rate of sexual development is similar in all animals.

“Because of this universality, our findings may have implications for humans.”

The researchers said their work, described in a paper in the journal Current Biology, could potentially lead to drugs to delay puberty, prolong fertility in humans and even combat ageing.

They said the use of the pheromones did not seem to be motivated by malevolence towards females.

“The harmful effects appear to be collateral damage, rather than the goal,” Dr Ruvinsky said.

Other research has found links between reproduction and ageing.

One recent study suggested women who enter the menopause earlier begin to age more quickly.